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1 Fairlie, Robert Francis
[br]b. March 1831 Scotlandd. 31 July 1885 Clapham, London, England[br]British engineer, designer of the double-bogie locomotive, advocate of narrow-gauge railways.[br]Fairlie worked on railways in Ireland and India, and established himself as a consulting engineer in London by the early 1860s. In 1864 he patented his design of locomotive: it was to be carried on two bogies and had a double boiler, the barrels extending in each direction from a central firebox. From smokeboxes at the outer ends, return tubes led to a single central chimney. At that time in British practice, locomotives of ever-increasing size were being carried on longer and longer rigid wheelbases, but often only one or two of their three or four pairs of wheels were powered. Bogies were little used and then only for carrying-wheels rather than driving-wheels: since their pivots were given no sideplay, they were of little value. Fairlie's design offered a powerful locomotive with a wheelbase which though long would be flexible; it would ride well and have all wheels driven and available for adhesion.The first five double Fairlie locomotives were built by James Cross \& Co. of St Helens during 1865–7. None was particularly successful: the single central chimney of the original design had been replaced by two chimneys, one at each end of the locomotive, but the single central firebox was retained, so that exhaust up one chimney tended to draw cold air down the other. In 1870 the next double Fairlie, Little Wonder, was built for the Festiniog Railway, on which C.E. Spooner was pioneering steam trains of very narrow gauge. The order had gone to George England, but the locomotive was completed by his successor in business, the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company, in which Fairlie and George England's son were the principal partners. Little Wonder was given two inner fireboxes separated by a water space and proved outstandingly successful. The spectacle of this locomotive hauling immensely long trains up grade, through the Festiniog Railway's sinuous curves, was demonstrated before engineers from many parts of the world and had lasting effect. Fairlie himself became a great protagonist of narrow-gauge railways and influenced their construction in many countries.Towards the end of the 1860s, Fairlie was designing steam carriages or, as they would now be called, railcars, but only one was built before the death of George England Jr precipitated closure of the works in 1870. Fairlie's business became a design agency and his patent locomotives were built in large numbers under licence by many noted locomotive builders, for narrow, standard and broad gauges. Few operated in Britain, but many did in other lands; they were particularly successful in Mexico and Russia.Many Fairlie locomotives were fitted with the radial valve gear invented by Egide Walschaert; Fairlie's role in the universal adoption of this valve gear was instrumental, for he introduced it to Britain in 1877 and fitted it to locomotives for New Zealand, whence it eventually spread worldwide. Earlier, in 1869, the Great Southern \& Western Railway of Ireland had built in its works the first "single Fairlie", a 0–4–4 tank engine carried on two bogies but with only one of them powered. This type, too, became popular during the last part of the nineteenth century. In the USA it was built in quantity by William Mason of Mason Machine Works, Taunton, Massachusetts, in preference to the double-ended type.Double Fairlies may still be seen in operation on the Festiniog Railway; some of Fairlie's ideas were far ahead of their time, and modern diesel and electric locomotives are of the powered-bogie, double-ended type.[br]Bibliography1864, British patent no. 1,210 (Fairlie's master patent).1864, Locomotive Engines, What They Are and What They Ought to Be, London; reprinted 1969, Portmadoc: Festiniog Railway Co. (promoting his ideas for locomotives).1865, British patent no. 3,185 (single Fairlie).1867. British patent no. 3,221 (combined locomotive/carriage).1868. "Railways and their Management", Journal of the Society of Arts: 328. 1871. "On the Gauge for Railways of the Future", abstract in Report of the FortiethMeeting of the British Association in 1870: 215. 1872. British patent no. 2,387 (taper boiler).1872, Railways or No Railways. "Narrow Gauge, Economy with Efficiency; or Broad Gauge, Costliness with Extravagance", London: Effingham Wilson; repr. 1990s Canton, Ohio: Railhead Publications (promoting the cause for narrow-gauge railways).Further ReadingFairlie and his patent locomotives are well described in: P.C.Dewhurst, 1962, "The Fairlie locomotive", Part 1, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34; 1966, Part 2, Transactions 39.R.A.S.Abbott, 1970, The Fairlie Locomotive, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Fairlie, Robert Francis
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2 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
3 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
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4 Mallet, Jules Théodore Anatole
[br]b. 1837 Geneva, Switzerlandd. November 1919 Nice, France[br]Swiss engineer, inventor of the compound steam locomotive and the Mallet articulated locomotive.[br]Mallet's family moved to Normandy while he was still a child. After working as a civil engineer, in 1867 he turned to machinery, particularly to compound steam engines. He designed the first true compound steam locomotives, which were built for the Bayonne- Biarritz Railway in 1876. They were 0–4–2 tank locomotives with one high-pressure and one low-pressure cylinder. A starting valve controlled by the driver admitted high-pressure steam to the low-pressure cylinder while the high-pressure cylinder exhausted to the atmosphere. At that time it was thought impracticable in a narrow-gauge locomotive to have more than three coupled axles in rigid frames. Mallet patented his system of articulation in 1884 and the first locomotives were built to that design in 1888: they were 0–4–4–0 tanks with two sets of frames. The two rear pairs of wheels carried the rear set of frames and were driven by two high-pressure cylinders; the two front pairs, which were driven by the high-pressure cylinders, carried a separate set of frames that was allowed sideplay, with a centre of rotation between the low-pressure cylinders. In contrast to the patent locomotive of Robert Fairlie, no flexible connections were required to carry steam at boiler pressure. The first Mallet articulated locomotives were small, built to 60 cm (23.6 in.) gauge: the first standard-gauge Mallets were built in 1890, for the St Gotthard Railway, and it was only after the type was adopted by American railways in 1904 that large Mallet locomotives were built, with sizes increasing rapidly to culminate in some of the largest steam locomotives ever produced. In the late 1880s Mallet also designed monorail locomotives, which were built for the system developed by C.F.M.-T. Lartigue.[br]Bibliography1884, French patent no. 162,876 (articulated locomotive).Further ReadingJ.T.van Riemsdijk, 1970, "The compound locomotive, Part I", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 43 (describes Mallet's work on compounding).L.Wiener, 1930, Articulated Locomotives, London: Constable (describes his articulated locomotives).For the Mallet family, see Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Mallet, Jules Théodore Anatole
См. также в других словарях:
Robert Francis Fairlie — (1870er) Robert Francis Fairlie (* März 1831 in Schottland; † 31. Juli 1885 in London)[1] war britischer … Deutsch Wikipedia
Robert Francis Fairlie — (born either March 1831 or 5 April 1830, in Glasgow was a Scottish railway engineer. Early life Fairlie was the son of T. Archibald Fairlie (an engineer) and Margaret Fairlie. He trained at Crewe and Swindon, then joined first the Londonderry and … Wikipedia
Fairlie — bezeichnet eine auf Robert Francis Fairlie zurückgehende Lokomotivbauart, siehe Fairlie (Lokomotive) einen Ort in Neuseeland, siehe Fairlie (Neuseeland) einen Ort in North Ayrshire in Schottland, siehe Fairlie (Schottland) einen Nationalpark in… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Fairlie-Lokomotive — Fairlie James Spooner der Ffestiniog Railway im Jahr 1887 Eine Dampflokomotive der Bauart Fairlie ist eine in Längsrichtung weitgehend symmetrisch aufgebaute Gelenklokomotive mit zwei Triebdrehgestellen, sowie einem Doppelkessel mit je einer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Fairlie (Lokomotive) — Fairlie James Spooner der Ffestiniog Railway im Jahr 1887 Eine Dampflokomotive der Bauart Fairlie ist eine in Längsrichtung weitgehend symmetrisch aufgebaute Gelenk oder Doppellokomotive mit zwei Triebdrehgestellen sowie einem Doppelkessel mit je … Deutsch Wikipedia
Fairlie locomotive — For other uses of Fairlie, see Fairlie (disambiguation). A Fairlie is a type of articulated steam locomotive that has the driving wheels on bogies. The locomotive may be double ended (a double Fairlie) or single ended (a single Fairlie). Fairlies … Wikipedia
Dampflokomotive Bauart Fairlie — Fairlie James Spooner der Ffestiniog Railway im Jahr 1887 Eine Dampflokomotive der Bauart Fairlie ist eine in Längsrichtung weitgehend symmetrisch aufgebaute Gelenklokomotive mit zwei Triebdrehgestellen, sowie einem Doppelkessel mit je einer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Single Fairlie — Die Gowrie der NWNGR. Der Drehpunkt befindet sich etwa unter dem Dampfdom Eine Single Fairlie, in den USA auch Mason Fairlie oder Mason Bogie genannt, ist eine gelenkige Dampflokomotive mit nur einem angetriebenen Drehgestell und einem… … Deutsch Wikipedia
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